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| Clonal Fish Show Individual and Group-level Differences in Collective Behavior�� |
| Ammon Perkes1, Jolle Jolles2, David Bierbach3, Carolina Doran4, Max Wolf5, Kate Laskowski1. 1UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States; 2Center for Advnaced Studies Blanes, Blanes, Girona, Spain; 3Humboldt Universit�t zu Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 4European Citizen Science Association, Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 5Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Berlin, Germany |
Collective behavior is a universal feature of group-living animals. While the mechanisms behind group behaviors are often known, how and why collective behaviors vary across groups is poorly understood. Limited studies have demonstrated group-level differences, but the extent and origin of this variation remains largely untested. Group-level phenotypes could be measurable from birth and remain stable throughout, or they could vary over time—diverging or converging as the result of individual differences and group interactions. Here we measure group-level variation in the naturally clonal Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa). As clones, Amazon mollies allow us to limit the influence of both genetic and environmental variation while characterizing the development of individual- and group-level phenotype. We quantified the behavior of groups of Amazon molly siblings for ten weeks starting from birth. Using this high-coverage dataset, we characterize the extent to which groups vary in motion and space use, as well as how these differences emerge over development. By quantifying the extent of group-level variation, we can identify the origin and impacts of group-level differences. |